Paper Outline!

Brittney Gard
English102
Dr. Sonia Apgar Begert
20 Nov, 2015

Embryonic Stem Cell Outline

1) Introduction: I give a brief overview of my topic.

2) What are stem cells, and what can they do?
a. Basic understanding of what cells are in the body and what they can do for the body.

b. What stem cell are compared to cells and the difference of them.
c. Why stem cells are so remarkable and beneficial.

3) Non Embryonic stem cells and what they can do vs. Embryonic stem cells and what they can do.

a. Description of what esc are by the U.S department of Health and Human Services. followed by more descriptions of what esc are.
b. Describe how esc are obtained and their potential.
c. What non esc are and how they are obtained.
d. What the potentials are of non esc.
e. Describes the difference between the two stem cells.

4I) being that they are so beneficial, why are they not being used today.
a. ethical controversy
b. funding
c. debate
e. media
4II) Cons.
a. relates back to 4I

6) pros
a. Diseases that could be cured.
b. Cells can distribute to anywhere in the human body
c. What scientist believe could happen with this technology.


7) How do the pros way out the cons
a. All the possibilities that are being missed out
b. Lessen the illness and deaths
c. the potentials

8) Why I agree and conclusion.
 

Annotated Bibliography

Annotated Bibliography

1) Alikani, Mina. "The Debate Surrounding Human Embryonic Stem Cell Research In The USA." Reproductive Biomedicine Online (Reproductive Healthcare Limited) 15.S2 (2007): 7-11. Academic Search Premier. Web. 20 Oct. 2015.      (Scholarly article from an online database)
The research of stem cells have been one of the top issues debated along with evolution and global warming, have said, all three have much in common. All conducted on highly scientific facts and beliefs. Since the human ESC (embryonic stem cells) has not been approved/granted priority by the U.S Government, this leads the U.S scientific community to engage heavily in the debate. With the question “Does the use of stem cells conduct from the deconstruction of human embryos?” stirs up a heated debate among communities. I will use this article for proving and providing why this issue is just as important as global warming and how it needs to be viewed more on.

 

2) Doerflinger, Richard M. "Old And New Ethics In The Stem Cell Debate." Journal Of Law, Medicine & Ethics 38.2 (2010): 212-219. Academic Search Premier. Web. 20 Oct. 2015. Scholarly article
Another article very driven by religious beliefs and scientific facts that causes an issue between is it right or wrong to use ESC for research. Richard M. Doerflinger stated “Religious organization as well as scientists have often made the case against the ethical acceptability of this research relying on science, and on general ethical considerations that transcend religious divisions.” This controversy has been an issue since the 60’s. This article will help me give even more prof and evidence o why this issue is so big ad important and we need to give it ore attention. 

3) "Embryonic Stem Cell Research Pros and Cons List." OccupyTheory. N.p., 15 Feb. 2015. Website.
Goes into depth on how embryonic stem cells are produced/conducted and the process to which they can transform into a variety of cells, such as muscle, heart, brain, nerve, and blood cells. This website gives the list of not only why scientist are pro for ESC but also reasoning's to why they wouldn't be. With this the perfect type of article to help me with both sides of the story and help me give good proof and evidence to back me up.

4) Gallagher, James. “First 'in womb' stem cell trial to begin”. BBC NEWS. BBS NEWS, 12, Oct, 2015. Website.
           To start this article off, it shows a giant photograph of a baby in a womb. With that being showed and the title of this article, you starts off giving a sympathy feeling towards the subject. Before the article even started it is already completely bias. Makes you think how we are destroying babies life for science. If you keep on reading, the story turns. The baby in the womb is actually the one retrieving the stem cells to keep the fetus healthy and see if it will cure him/her. This article tells multiple stories of babies who grown up with osteogenesis and give background stories. Then goes into details how this transplant of ESC bone marrow will could help children with this disease. This article lacks letting the audience know the result of what happened, only informing them what science is doing. This website helped me get information to more procedures we are now doing with ESC, but didn't give me enough to actually back it up with evidence on how it worked or didn't work. I may or may not use this in my paper.

5) LYSAGHT, TAMRA, and ALASTAIR V. CAMPBELL. "Broadening The Scope Of Debates Around Stem Cell Research." Bioethics 27.5 (2013): 251-256. Academic Search Premier. Web. 3 Nov. 2015. Scholarly article.

            Goes into depth about the morals of stem cell research and how it causes problems in the debate. Breaks down each category and broadens the debate into different aspects. This article helps give me multiple different aspects that I can break down my paper topics into.

6) "Giving Babies Stem Cells Before Birth Could Help Stop This Rare Genetic Disease." Popular Science. N.p., n.d. Web. 13 Oct. 2015. Website.
            A institute in Sweden will be conducting a trial in which 30 unborn fetuses will be injected with EST. This article results back to the BBC news article to when they presented this will be the first fetus trial ever. The ESC that are being injected are the stem cells that are specially designed to treat brittle bone disease, which is incurable and affects up to more than 50,000 people in the U.S. With this disease the body doesn't produce enough collagen to support healthy bone growing, resulting in breaking of bones when born and through out life. They have tested these specific ESC on older children and mice and have seen great results. Scientist hope for even more affective results if these ESC are given in a earlier stage of life such as in the womb. If this trial is successful , it will help cure millions of children's lives

 
7) McLaren, Anne. "Ethical and Social Considerations of Stem Cell Research." Nature 414.6859 (2001): 129-31. ProQuest. Web. 5 Nov. 2015.
            Article explains with facts on how many people die each year with these certain diseases and helps explain how stem cell therapy can help and cure these diseases. This article gives great clinical views and tells detail on donating embryos. Just like many of my sources, this will help me give my paper great details and facts and help back up my work. (scholarly article)



8) Lovell-Badge, Robin. "The Future for Stem Cell Research." Nature 414.6859 (2001): 88-91. ProQuest. Web. 5 Nov. 2015.  Scholarly article
            The future of stem cell research is absolutely mind blowing and you can be informed with almost all of it in this article. Reasoning's to why this research as a whole can be looked at as an intense ethical debate and gives biologist a hold back with stem cell possibilities. All this information is great and I can use it to help convince the endless potential stem cells have in the medical field.



10)Andrews, Peter W., et al. "The International Stem Cell Initiative: Toward Benchmarks for Human Embryonic Stem Cell Research." Nature biotechnology 23.7 (2005): 795-7. ProQuest. Web. 5 Nov. 2015.  Scholarly article
           The critical reasoning behind why the research is completely ethical and the progressing of the research. Tells facts and statistics of how many more doctors and biologists are getting in on the research. This research is booming in the population of peoples interests. This article gives me the information I need to know when talking about the progressing amount of interest in the field.



11) Gearhart, John, PhD., Evanthia E. Pashos B.Sc, and Megana K. Prasad B.Sc. "Pluripotency Redux -- Advances in Stem-Cell Research." The New England journal of medicine 357.15 (2007): 1469-72. ProQuest. Web. 5 Nov. 2015.
            Very scientific article with all the biology of all the cell types and the names of what they can do and transform into. This is the article with the information I will need and use to when explaining the anatomy of the cells and what they can do and all the scientific names for all of them.



12) Ying, Qi-Long, et al. "The Ground State of Embryonic Stem Cell Self-Renewal." Nature 453.7194 (2008): 519-23. ProQuest. Web. 5 Nov. 2015.
            The trail of mice and stem cell transplants, tell descriptive details of what they did, how they did it, what happened, and what they believe will happen if used on humans. This article is completely scientific and give all stories of different trails and the outcomes. Will be great information to use in my paper to help build up the story and use of stem cells.


13) Walters, LeRoy. "Human Embryonic Stem Cell Research: An Intercultural Perspective." Kennedy Institute of Ethics journal 14.1 (2004): 3-38. ProQuest. Web. 5 Nov. 2015.
           In 1998, researches found out that embryonic stem cells could transform into any type of cell. With this happening it cause a lot of heated talk weather the research is ethical or not. International organizations, cultures, religious traditions and nations have been confronted about the issue. Obviously this is a huge debate among several different areas and will be for a while. This article leans towards the religious side of the story and how they fell. This article will give me more of the view and feelings that religious people feel about this research.

Master, Zubin, Marcus McLeod, and Ivar Mendez. "Benefits, risks and ethical considerations in translation of stem cell research to clinical applications in Parkinson’s disease." Journal of medical ethics 33.3 (2007): 169-173.

http://www.jstor.org/stable/27719821?seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents

 

 

Robertson, John Ancona. "Ethics and policy in embryonic stem cell research." Kennedy Institute of Ethics Journal 9.2 (1999): 109-136.

http://muse.jhu.edu/login?auth=0&type=summary&url=/journals/kennedy_institute_of_ethics_journal/v009/9.2robertson.html

 

 

Baylis, Françoise, and Carolyn McLeod. "The stem cell debate continues: The buying and selling of eggs for research." Journal of Medical Ethics 33.12 (2007): 726-731.

http://www.jstor.org/stable/27719997?seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

LIT REVIEW

LIT REVIEW

The research of stem cells has been a very heated issue for quite some time now. Starting in the 50's, when the first bone marrow transplant happened between two identical twins, all the way up to today and counting. With the advanced research scientists and doctors currently have, this field of medicine is always moving forward. There are two different type of stem cells, ESC (embryonic stem cells), that only exist in the earliest stage of life, and non- embryonic stem cells, that appear in later fetal development and stick with you throughout life. Both have huge impacts on today’s medicine, but the research of ESC is where most of the attention lies, reason being is because the only way to obtain these cells is from unborn fetuses. With that being said you can see how this subject is very sensitive. My paper will be focusing on why the research of these cells are extremely helpful and what they can achieve. These cells are beyond beneficial and have the potential to set new standards for modern medicine. The research of ESC can lead to the cure of Diabetes, heart disease, Alzheimer's, Osteogenesis Imperfecta (brittle bone disease), Parkinson’s, and so many more. Scientists haven't even begun to scratch the surface of the limitless potential of embryonic stem cell research. The sources I have found and will be using for my paper cover these three categories: Religious views, Doctors/ Scientist, and Political debate.

 I have explored the web to find all the views I could get regarding thoughts on stem cell research. Religious perspectives was a major part of my research. Almost all of the articles I have read, relate to religious thoughts on the issue. Richard Dawkins back in 2002 wrote "it is human; it will not articulate itself into some other kind of animal. Any being that is human is a human being." this was stated in "Homsap: Elixir of holiness". Although this article gives great information to why stem cell research is un-ethical, it also gives strong evidence to why it could do wonders to the world. Dawkins states other religious views on the same issue in his own words; "On the other side some theologians, including even some Catholic ones, have suggested that an embryo less than fourteen days old cannot be "a person" because before that age it is still capable of dividing and becoming two people". With both of these things being said, I have plenty in this article to give me a full rounded view on the issue. Richard O Hynes in the article "Guidelines for human embryonic stem cell research" quotes; "As the study of hES cells accelerates worldwide, federal funding for this research area in the United States has been severely limited by ethical controversy." With that being said you can see how the ethical controversy plays a huge roll in the hES cell research. Again another quote similar to the others stated by Seongwuk Moon,"Human embryonic stem cell (hESC) research has huge scientific and medical potential but has provoked fierce controversy: the possible destruction of human embryos during the derivation of hESC lines has elicited serious ethical issues from religious and political  communities." This passage was stated in the article "Differential Impact of Science Policy on Subfields of Human Embryonic Stem Cell Research".

Doctors and Scientist have more than enough to say and back up their work regarding the research of stem cells. They both have outstanding things to say about stem cells and a good portion of my sources fall back on the evidence these doctors and scientist have to say. Insoo Hyun stated in the article "Magic eggs and the Frontier of Stem Cell Science"; “It was declared that from these special eggs sprang forth entities with enormous potential power-patient-specific pluripotent human stem cells that could teach scientists how to treat uncured diseases and injuries." ESC have so much power, if these cells are still fourteen days young (Dawkins), then they have the power to turn into 2 different souls, meaning the potential is limitless. Jonathan Moreno states in an interview; "Scientists largely agree that stem cells may hold a key to the treatment, and even cure of many serious medical conditions. Many scientists say that embryonic stem cell research is necessary to unlock the promise of stem cell therapies since embryonic stem cells can develop into any cell type in the human body". Moreno again states a powerful connection; "If a child dies from a disease that might have been preventable if we had been able to research that disease using embryos already slated for destruction or persistent refrigeration – such as embryos used at in vitrofertilization clinics – I don’t see how the death of that child contributes to human dignity." Scientists and Doctors are a huge part of my paper and I have collected so much factual evidence and statists that I believe I will have a strong paper.
The political debate of hES cells are the top headliners and stories everyone hears about. The political debate gets the top of the medias attentions and has been for years and counting. "Most notably, the field witnessed the 2001 restriction on funding for ES cell research in the USA by President Bush and the lifting of the ban in 2009 by President Obama.", was quoted from the article "The ethical, legal and political minefield of stem cell research".